Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Benthic Habitat Mapping Group Publication_Date: 200705 Title: CRED Cumulative Map of Percent Scleractinian Coral Cover at Howland Island, 2002-2004 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: digital image Online_Linkage: http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/ Online_Linkage: ftp://ftp.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/website/data/pria/optical/howland/how_toad.jpg Description: Abstract: This map displays optical validation observation locations and percent coverage of scleractinian coral overlaid on bathymetry. Purpose: To display locations of optical validation data collected and percent coverage of scleractinian coral at Howland Island. Supplemental_Information: Howland, a low-lying 1.84 sq.km. island in the Pacific Remote Island Area (PRIA), is the northernmost of the Phoenix Islands. Centered at 00.48'N, 176.38'W, it is within one degree latitude of the equator. It lies within an arid zone of the tropical Pacific, with insufficient groundwater and rainfall to support continuous human habitation. Although Howland was uninhabited at the time of its discovery by Western sailors, Polynesians probably visited it periodically over many centuries to harvest fish and wildlife. The lack of human habitation allowed Howland's coral reefs to remain completely pristine until the early 20th century. Even today it lies beyond the influence of urban centers, associated pollutants and major shipping lanes. In 1857, Howland was claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Act. A short-lived colonization attempt was made between 1935 and World War II, but was abandoned thereafter. The famed American aviatrix Amelia EARHART disappeared while seeking out Howland Island as a refueling stop during her 1937 round-the-world flight; Earhart Light, a day beacon near the middle of the west coast, was named in her memory. A no-take island and marine protected area National Wildlife Refuge administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Howland is under the joint jurisdiction of the Departments of Interior and Commerce. Ocean currents transport and distribute larvae among and between different atolls and islands, and particularly in the Pacific equatorial region, define sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and available nutrient regimes. The North Equatorial Current (NEC), Equatorial Counter Current (ECC), Equatorial Undercurrent or Cromwell Current (EUC), and South Equatorial Current (SEC) provide the mechanism by which many species are distributed among the PRIAs, nearby central Pacific islands, the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), as well as other distant regions. Cruises CoRIS Metadata Record Names TC0201 cred_toad_howland_2002 OES0401 cred_toad_howland_2004 Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2002 Ending_Date: 2004 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -176.64 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -176.60 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 0.84 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 0.78 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Theme Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef monitoring and assessment > Mapping Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Coral Cover Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: Map Images > Habitats Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: biota Theme_Keyword: 002 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Synthesis Map Theme_Keyword: TC0201, OES0401 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: CoRIS Place Thesaurus Place_Keyword: OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Howland Island > Howland Island (00S176W0001) Place_Keyword: COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Howland Island (00S176W0001) Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Pacific Remote Islands Area Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Please acknowledge the NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center as the source of this information. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Benthic Habitat Mapping Group, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, PIFSC,NOAA Contact_Person: John Rooney Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1125B Ala Moana Blvd City: Honolulu State_or_Province: HI Postal_Code: 96814 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-9729 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: john.rooney@noaa.gov Data_Set_Credit: Benthic Habitat Mapping Group, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), NOAA Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Benthic Habitat Mapping Group, CRED, PIFSC, NOAA Contact_Person: John Rooney Contact_Position: Coastal Geomorphologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1125 'B' Ala Moana Blvd City: Honolulu State_or_Province: Hawaii Postal_Code: 96814 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-9729 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: john.rooney@noaa.gov Resource_Description: Digital video images that are geo-referenced to navigation files. Distribution_Liability: These data are not to be used for navigational purposes. NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: JPEG Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/pibhmc_pria_how_optical.htm Network_Resource_Name: ftp://ftp.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/website/data/pria/optical/howland/how_toad.jpg Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20080905 Metadata_Review_Date: 20080905 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Benthic Habitat Mapping Group, CRED, PIFSC, NOAA Contact_Person: Dr. Michael Parke Contact_Position: Research Biologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1125 'B' Ala Moana Blvd City: Honolulu State_or_Province: Hawaii Postal_Code: 96814 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-592-7025 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: michael.parke@noaa.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: Local Time Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: None CoRIS: CoRIS_ID: 20080905031217 CoRIS_Children: None CoRIS_Beginning_Date: 20020101 CoRIS_Ending_Date: 20041231 CoRIS_Metadata_Link: http://www.coris.noaa.gov/metadata/records/txt/cred_toad_map_howland_2002_2004.txt CoRIS_Tracking_ID: 2193